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Total phenolic content was determined by using the Folin-Ciocalteu method with slight modification [ 31]. Gallic acid was used as a standard. In this study, different concentrations of gallic acid (3.906 μg/mL, 7.812 μg/mL, 15.625 μg/mL, 31.250 μg/mL, 62.500 μg/mL, 125 μg/mL, and 250 μg/mL) were prepared by serial dilution technique. For each sample, extract solution of 1 mg/mL concentration was prepared by using ethanol. Then, 1 mL (1 mg/mL concentration) of ethanolic extract solution was treated with 1 mL (2°N) FC reagent followed by the addition of 5 mL distilled water and shaken well for 5 minutes. After that, 1 mL of 10%, Na 2CO 3 was poured and incubated for 1 hour. In the same manner, a blank solution was prepared without a sample. Finally, the absorbance of incubated standard solutions and sample solutions was recorded at 725 nm. All the measurements were evaluated in triplicate [ 24]. 2.8. Determination of Total Flavonoid Content Gong, X.; Liu, M.; Zhang, L.; Ruan, Y.; Ding, R.; Ji, Y.; Zhang, N.; Zhang, S.; Farmer, J.; Wang, C. Arabidopsis AtSUC2 and AtSUC4, encoding sucrose transporters, are required for abiotic stress tolerance in an ABA-dependent pathway. Physiol. Plant 2015, 153, 119–136. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]
Plant–plant communication is also mediated by volatiles from artificially damaged plants 3, 4, 5. Sagebrush plants ( Artemisia tridentate) exposed to volatiles from artificially damaged conspecifics suffered less herbivory than those exposed to volatiles from undamaged ones 9. Similarly, young undamaged seedlings of Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium have increased amounts of pyrethrins when exposed to volatiles from artificially damaged conspecifics 10. Cotesia glomerata, a parasitoid of cabbage white butterfly larvae ( Pieris rapae), was more attracted to Arabidopsis thaliana plants that had been exposed to volatiles from artificially damaged conspecifics plants than to those exposed to undamaged plants 11, 12. Plant–plant communication mediated by volatiles has also been reported between artificially damaged heterospecific plants 13, 14, 15. Phan, T.; Ishibashi, Y.; Miyazaki, M.; Tran, H.; Okamura, K.; Tanaka, S.; Nakamura, J.; Yuasa, T.; Iwaya-Inoue, M. High Temperature-Induced Repression of the Rice Sucrose Transporter ( OsSUT1) and Starch Synthesis-Related Genes in Sink and Source Organs at Milky Ripening Stage Causes Chalky Grains. J. Agron. Crop Sci. 2013, 199, 178–188. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef]Every client has their own ideas about how they would like me to care for their garden and I enjoy working with them to translate this into horticultural success. All the data used to support the results of this research are available from Jitendra Pandey upon request. Conflicts of Interest take your cards with you on a nature walk. Can you label each tree with its name, leaf and seed pictures? Cytotoxicity of plant extracts on different cancer cell lines. Cells were treated with leaf or seed extracts of plants at 4 mg/mL concentration for 72 hr. Cytotoxicity was determined using MTT assays and results expressed as percentages of cytotoxicity compared with untreated control. Data expressed as mean ± standard deviation, n=3
Hu, W.; Ma, Y.; Lv, F.; Liu, J.; Zhao, W.; Chen, B.; Meng, Y.; Wang, Y.; Zhou, Z. Effects of late planting and shading on sucrose metabolism in cotton fiber. Env. Exp. Bot. 2016, 131, 164–172. [ Google Scholar] [ CrossRef] In our study, P. utilis ethyl acetate leaf extract was found to be most prominent against S. epidermis (ZOI-13.83 mm). However, this extract was insensitive against S. aureus. Similarly, methanolic leaf extract was most prominent against S. aureus (ZOI-12.33 mm). Furthermore, the methanolic seed extract was most sensitive against K. pneumoniae (ZOI-11.66 mm) and E. coli (ZOI-9.0 mm). Also, the methanolic leaf extract was reported to be most sensitive against both gram-positive strains. Interestingly, the methanolic seed extract was successful in suppressing the growth of gram-negative as well as gram-positive bacterial strains. Our finding about the broad-spectrum activity of P. utilis seed extract was also supported by previous research conducted in China [ 24]. Between the two gram-positive bacteria, S. epidermidis was more sensitive than S. aureus, whereas K. pneumoniae was more sensitive than E. coli in the case of gram-negative bacteria. In summary, leaf extracts were more effective against gram-positive bacteria and seed extracts were more sensitive towards gram-negative bacteria. Previously published research studies about phytochemical analysis of P. utilis seed and leaf have shown that both parts are rich in diverse classes of polyphenols, flavonoids, and their glycosidic forms [ 26, 27]. However, a unique type of hydroxylnitrile-glucoside compound (prinsepicyanosides A- E) has been identified in P. utilis seed extract. These unique classes of bioactive compounds have shown excellent inhibitory effects against several gram-negative bacteria such as Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella gallinarum, Vibrio cholera, and Vibrio parahaemolyticus [ 40]. This might be the possible reason for the better inhibitory effect of P. utilis seed extract on gram-negative bacterial strains in our study. Figure S1 shows the zone of inhibition formed by ethyl acetate leaf extract (Figure S1A) and methanolic leaf extract (Figure S1B) against S. epidermidis.Baraloto, C.; Forget, P.-M. (2007), "Seed size, seedling morphology, and response to deep shade and damage in neotropical rain forest trees", American Journal of Botany, 94 (6): 901–11, doi: 10.3732/ajb.94.6.901, PMID 21636459, S2CID 24272337 Related plants may show a mixture of hypogeal and epigeal development, even within the same plant family. Groups which contain both hypogeal and epigeal species include, for example, the Southern Hemisphere conifer family Araucariaceae, [8] the pea family, Fabaceae, [4] and the genus Lilium (see Lily seed germination types). The frequently garden grown common bean, Phaseolus vulgaris, is epigeal, while the closely related runner bean, Phaseolus coccineus, is hypogeal. [ citation needed] History [ edit ] All the experiments were analyzed three times, and the results were presented as mean ± SD. The statistical significance of differences was calculated by one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s test. 3. Results and Discussion 3.1. Extractive Yield Value Artemisia species belong to the Asteraceae family and are widely distributed in Asia, Europe, and North America. Medicinal values of Artemisia species have been approved throughout the world. Pharmacologic studies of Artemisia annula indicated the presence of novel biologically active compounds such as monoterpenes, sequterpenes, lactones, flavonoids, and coumarins. 11 The extracts of some Artemisia species have been reported to exhibit cytotoxic effects on breast cancer cells. 12 Moreover, Plantago species have been used against cancer and Gálvez et al. 13 showed cytotoxic activities of luteolin-7-0-beta-glucoside, a major flavonoid against human renal adenocarcinoma and human melanoma. In contrast to Artemisia and Plantago species, not much information is available for Hyoscyamus niger and Amaranthus retrosa on cytotoxic activities against cancer cells.
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